|
In classical political economy and especially Karl Marx's critique of political economy, a commodity is any good or service ("products" or "activities"〔Karl Marx, "Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 28'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) p. 80.〕) produced by human labour〔Karl Marx, ''Capital: Volume I'' (International Publishers: New York, 1967) p. 38 and also "Capital" as contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35'', p. 48.〕 and offered as a product for general sale on the market.〔Karl Marx, ''Capital: Volume I'', p. 36 and also in "Capital" as contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35'', p. 46.〕 Some other priced goods are also treated as commodities, e.g. human labor-power, works of art and natural resources, even though they may not be produced specifically for the market, or be non-reproducible goods. Marx's analysis of the commodity (in German: ''Kaufware'', i.e. merchandise, ware for sale) is intended to help solve the problem of what establishes the economic value of goods, using the labor theory of value. This problem was extensively debated by Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Rodbertus-Jagetzow among others. Value and price are not equivalent terms in economics, and theorising the specific relationship of value to market price has been a challenge for both liberal and Marxist economists. ==Characteristics of commodity== In Marx's theory, a commodity is something that is bought and sold, or exchanged in a market.〔Karl Marx, "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29'' (International Publishers: New York, 1987) p. 270.〕 *It has value, which represents a quantity of human labor.〔Karl Marx, ''Capital: Volume I'', (International Publishers: New York, 1967) p. 38 and "Capital" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35 (International Publishers: New York, 1996) p. 48.〕 Because it has value, implies that people try to economise its use. A commodity also has a use value,〔Karl Marx, ''Capital: Volume I'', p. 35 and "Capital" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35,'' p. 45.〕 an exchange value〔Karl Marx, ''Capital: Volume I'', p. 36 and "Capital" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35'', p. 46.〕 and a price. *It has a use value because, by its intrinsic characteristics, it can satisfy some human need or want, physical or ideal.〔Karl Marx, "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29'' (International Publishers: New York, 1987) p. 269.〕 By nature this is a ''social use value'', i.e. the object is useful not just to the producer but has a use for others generally.〔Karl Marx, "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29, p. 270.〕 *It has an ''exchange value'', meaning that a commodity can be traded for other commodities, and thus give its owner the benefit of others' labor (the labor done to produce the purchased commodity).〔Karl Marx, "Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 28'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 167-168.〕 *''Price'' is then the ''monetary expression'' of exchange-value (but exchange value could also be expressed as a direct trading ratio between two commodities without using money, and goods could be priced using different valuations or criteria).〔Karl Marx, "Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 28'', p. 148.〕 According to the labor theory of value, product-values in an open market are regulated by the average socially necessary labour time required to produce them, and price relativities of products are ultimately governed by the law of value.〔Karl Marx, ''Capital: Volume I'' (International Publishers: New York, 1967) p. 39 and "Capital" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35 (International Publishers: New York, 1996) p. 49.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Commodity (Marxism)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|